This summary gives examples

APA
REFERENCING
SUMMARY
A guide to referencing based on the
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.).
This summary gives examples of the
APA referencing style for a number of
commonly used information sources. If
you cannot fnd a model to cite a source,
then choose an example that is close
to the source you are using, and follow
the format provided (APA 2010, p. 193).
Otherwise, refer to the APA Publication
Manual (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
If in doubt when citing a paper, err on
the side of giving too much information,
rather than too little (APA, 2010, p. 193).
You should explore using the EndNote
software, which you can download for
free from the library website. EndNote
helps you to cite your sources correctly
and to organize your research and notes.
Go to: https://ift.tt/2utcfZC
endnote

CONTENTS	PAGE
Principles – The Reference List	2
In-text Citations	2
Page and Paragraph Numbers	2
Print Resources
Books	3
Periodicals (Journals, Newspapers, and Magazines in print)	6
Audiovisual Media	8
Electronic Media
Basic Principles	9
Online Journal Articles	10
Electronic Books	11
Online Reference Resources	12
CSU Curriculum and Course Materials	12
Technical and Research Reports	13
Conference Papers	14
General Interest Media	14
Websites	15
Secondary Sources	15
Personal Communications and Other Resources	16

ACADEMIC SUPPORT
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Some Basic Principles

The Reference List	In-text Citations	Page Numbers
(APA, 2010, p. 180; Perrin, 2012, p. 61, para. 4a. Also APA, 2010, p. 184, para. 6.27; Perrin, 2009, p.88, para. 6b) A reference list is an alphabetically arranged list of sources used in a paper. It starts on a new page immediately after the last page of the paper. The list has the heading References (bold, centred, not in italics, and not underlined). Each item on your list has a hanging indent of 1 cm. See the examples on the following pages. No bullets or numbers. It is helpful to add extra space (8 pts) after each entry. Hint: begin your reference list as you start work on your assignment, adding items as you locate each source. This will save time and energy later. EndNote will help with this. 1. Names of authors appear in the order listed on the title page, not alphabetical order. The names of up to and including seven authors are listed, with all of their names inverted (e.g. Smith, P. G.). An ampersand (&) joins the last two names in the series. 2. If a work has eight or more authors, the frst six are listed in full, followed by an ellipsis, and then the last author’s name. An ellipsis ( . . . ) is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.	(APA, 2010, pp. 174–175, paras. 6.11–6.12; Perrin, 2012, pp. 66–70, para. 4e) Insert citations as you write. If you wait until later, you will be likely to forget the details. 1. When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. 2. When a work has three, four, or fve authors, cite all authors the frst time; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the frst author followed by et al. (not italicized) and the year. 3. When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the frst author followed by et al. and the year for the frst and subsequent citations. 4. Within a paragraph, you do not need to include the year in subsequent references so long as this does not lead to confusion. e.g.: McLean (2004, p. 32) has shown that the effect of the drought on rural towns . . . McLean also demonstrated . . . . 5. When you use the exact words that an author has used, you must enclose these in inverted commas “. . .” and follow immediately with an in-text citation, including page number.	(APA, 2010, pp. 170–172, paras. 6.03–6.05. APA’s guidance on page numbers is clear: whether quoting an author directly, or paraphrasing, you must credit the source. For direct quotations, the author, year, and page number are given (APA, 2010, p. 170, para. 6.03). Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. When using direct quotations in such cases give a section identifer and/or paragraph number instead, like this: (Leech, 2006, para. 13) (Boland, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 2). When paraphrasing, “or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number” (APA, 2010, p. 171, para. 6.04). Getting into the habit of quoting page numbers will help readers locate material in lengthy texts, and will assist in your revision. For a single page, the number is given thus: p. 27. For a range of pages: pp. 245–246.

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Print Resources | Books

Reference List	In-text Citation
One author	MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A life. New Haven: Yale University Press. Note the hanging indent for reference list items. In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize only the frst word, the frst word after a colon or em dash (—), and proper nouns (APA, 2010, p. 101, para. 4.15). Where more than one place of publication is given, show only the frst listed place. For the rules of capitalization of titles within the body of the paper, see APA, 2010, p. 101, para. 4.15.	APA allows three forms for in-text citations: 1. Anne Bolyn died “with dignity” (MacCulloch, 1996, p. 159) on 19 May 1536. 2. MacCulloch (1996, p. 386) has suggested . . . 3. MacCulloch (1996) argues that . . . . (p. 231). Note the space before page numbers. When short direct quotations are used, the words used are enclosed within quotation marks: “. . .” Quotations of 40 or more words are set off as a block quotation, indented about 1 cm. Quotation marks and italics are not used in this case.
Two authors	Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Principles of biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: Freeman. On publishers’ names see APA (2010, p. 186, para. 6.30), or Perrin (2012, p. 63, para. 4c).	(Nelson & Cox, 2005, p. 897). Nelson and Cox (2005) describe Buchner’s “pioneering discovery” (p. 45) in biochemistry. Cite both names every time the citation occurs in text.
Three, four, or fve authors	List all authors. Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (1995). The craft of research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Note the space before a second initial.	First in-text citation: Cite all names (Booth, Colomb, & Williams, 1995, p. 25) Second and subsequent citations: (Booth et al., 1995, p. 25)
Six or seven authors	List all authors	See page 2. For six or more authors, cite only the frst author, followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations. (Bloggs et al., 2009, p. 23)

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Print Resources | Books (cont.)

Reference List	In-text Citation
Eight or more authors	Include the frst six authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis, and add the last author’s name. See example given below, p. 7, for Periodicals, Articles in Print.	As per six or more authors. For six or more authors, cite only the frst author, followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations
No author or editor named	United Press International stylebook: The authoritative handbook for writers, editors, and news directors (3rd ed.). (1992). Lincolnwood, Il: National. When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author position (APA, 2010, p. 184, para. 6.27).	(“United Press International stylebook,” 1992) For in-text citations: use a short title in place of the author name. No quotation marks and no italics. “United Press International” is a proper name, hence the capitals.
Corporate author	NSW Board of Studies. (2003). Science years 7–10 syllabus. Sydney: Author. In this case the author and the publisher are the same.	Stage 6 students can “critically analyse the opinions of others” (NSW Board of Studies, 2003, p. 69).
Long name—abbreviated title	New South Wales Department of School Education. (1997). Strategies for assessment and reporting: Primary schools. Ryde: Author. A cross-reference for an abbreviated title may be included in your Reference List: DSE—see New South Wales Department of School Education.	First in-text citation: (APA, 2010, p. 177) (Department of School Education [DSE], 1997, p. 7). Subsequent citations: . . . (DSE, 1997, p. 7).
Edited book	Burchfeld, R. W. (Ed.). (1996). The new Fowler’s modern English usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.	(Burchfeld, 1996, p. 707).
Multi-volume work	Abrams, M. H., & Stillinger, J. (Eds.). (2001). The Norton anthology of English literature: Vol. 2A. The romantic period (7th ed). New York: Norton.	(Abrams & Stillinger, 2001, p. 32). Abrams and Stillinger (2001, p. 4) maintain . . . Abrams and Stillinger (2001) suggest “. . .” (p. 57).

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Print Resources | Books (cont.)

Reference List	In-text Citation
Item in a series	Nicholas, P. (Comp. & Ed.). (2004). Soil, irrigation and nutrition. In Grape Production Series: No. 2. Adelaide: South Australian Resource and Development Institute.	(Nicholas, 2004, p. 17)
Edition other than the frst	Findlay, B. (2006). How to write psychology research reports and essays (4th ed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Prentice Hall.	(Findlay, 2006, p. 51)
Article or chapter in an edited book	Rospond, R. M. (2003). Pain assessment. In R. M. Jones & R. M. Rospond (Eds.), Patient assessment in pharmacy practice (pp. 160–170). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	(Rospond, 2003) Rospond (2003) writes that “The classic pain pathway consists of a three-neuron chain” (p. 85). The full stop comes after the closing parenthesis, because the citation is a part of the sentence.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary article (author known)	Collins, R. F. (1983). Fundamentalism. In A. Richardson & J. Bowden (Eds.), The Westminster dictionary of Christian theology (pp. 223–224). Philadelphia: Westminster.	(Collins, 1983, p. 223)
Encyclopaedia or dictionary article (author not known)	Fluoxetine Hydrochloride [Prozac]. (1995). In Nursing 96 drug handbook (pp. 383–384). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse. Begin with the subject title, followed by the date in parentheses. The rest of the entry follows the normal pattern.	(“Fluoxetine Hydrochloride,” 1995, p. 385)
Preface, introduction, foreword, epilogue, or afterword If nonroutine information is important for identifcation, then provide it in square brackets (APA, 2010, p. 186, para. 6.29)	1. Introduction written by someone other than the author of the book. Fuller, R. B. (1971). [Introduction]. In V. Papanek, Design for the real world (pp. vii–xix). New York: Pantheon. 2. Epilogue written by the author of the book. Waldburg, R. (1992). [Epilogue]. A child like that (pp. 170– 177). New York: Feldheim.	(Fuller, 1971, p. xi) (Waldburg, 1992, p. 173)

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Print Resources | Periodicals
Articles in Print — journals, monthly and weekly magazines, and newspapers.
For journal articles found electronically, see page 10 below.
If a Digital Object Identifer (DOI) has been assigned to an article, include it in your reference list entry—for both print and electronic
sources (APA, 2010, p, 189, para 6.31). See the third example, below.

Reference List	In-text Citation
One author For all journal articles (both print and online) always include the journal issue number (if available) along with the volume number.	Crispin, G. (1996). Trial by fre. Pottery in Australia, 35(3), 18–19. The volume number is italicized, but the issue number (and its parentheses) is not.	(Crispin, 1996, p. 18)
Two authors	Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10–36.	(Klimosky & Palmer, 1993)
Print article with DOI, two authors	Charman, R. E., & Vasey, J. R. (2008). Surgical treatment of carpal ﬂexural deformity in 72 horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 86(5), 195–199. doi:10.1111/j.1751- 0813.2008.00275.x	(Charman & Vasey, 2008, p. 196)
Three , four, or fve authors	Corfeld, G. S., Read, R. A., Nicholls, P. K., & Lester, N. (2007). Gall bladder torsion and rupture in a dog. Australian Veterinary Journal, 85(6), 226–231.	First in-text citation: Cite all names (Corfeld, Read, Nicholls, & Lester, 2007) Subsequent citations: (Corfeld et al., 2007)
Six or seven authors	List all authors	See page 2. For six or more authors, cite only the frst author, followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations. (Bloggs et al., 2009, p. 23)

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Reference List	In-text Citation
Eight or more authors	Liu, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, H., Yao, W., Bu, W., Yang, B., . . . Wang, X. (2007). Susceptibility and transmissibility of pigeons to Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian inﬂuenza virus subtype H5N1. Avian Pathology, 36(6), 461–465. Include the frst six authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis (three spaced full stops), and add the last author’s name.	As per six or more authors. For six or more authors, cite only the frst author, followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations (Liu et al., 2007, p. 462)
No author named	Improving ADR reporting. (2002). The Lancet, 360, 1435. When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author position.	(“Improving ADR Reporting,” 2002) In-text, use a short title. The frst and major words are capitalized, and quotation marks are used. No italics. See APA, 2010, p. 176, para. 6.15.
Monthly magazine article	Reid, T. (2005, January). Caffeine. National Geographic, 207, 2–33. The volume number and the following comma are italicized.	(Reid, 2005, p. 31)
Weekly magazine article	Gasparino, C. (2005, July 25). Good news: You’re fred. Newsweek, 146, 48.	(Gasparino, 2005)
Newspaper article	Murray, L. (2006, September 26). PM at war with Telstra’s $9m man. The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1.	(Murray, 2006)
Letter to the editor	Drennan, G. (2006, September 26). [Letter to the editor]. The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14.	(Drennan, 2006)

Print Resources | Periodicals (cont.)
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Audiovisual Media (See APA, 2010, pp. 209–210; Perrin, 2012, pp. 99–104).
See also the APA Style Guide to Electronic References at https://ift.tt/2ohAskz
Square brackets [ ] re used to describe the type of resource being cited.

Reference List	In-text Citation
Motion picture	Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. The picture’s country of origin and the name of the movie studio are given.	(Scorsese, 2000)
DVD	For a DVD recording, follow the pattern for a motion picture, giving details of the recording. Include the notation [DVD] after the name of the movie.
Video	American Psychological Association (Producer). (2007). Responding therapeutically to patient expression of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from https://ift.tt/2wuyYad	(American Psychological Association, 2007)
Television broadcast	Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.	(Crystal, 1993)
Music Recording	Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date). Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveller [CD]. New York: Polygram Music.	(Shocked, 1992, track 3)
Streaming video (e.g., YouTube video)	Author, A. A. [User name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video fle]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx User name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video fle]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx To make retrieval easier, the person who posted the video is credited as the author. If the person’s real name and user name are both available, provide the real name in the format Author, A. A., followed by the user name inside brackets. Otherwise, when the real name is not available, include only the user name, without brackets.	(Author, year, month day) e.g.: (Brown, 2012, January 23)

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Digital Object Identifer (DOI)
Many scholarly publishers now
assign a Digital Object Identifer
(DOI) to journal articles and other
documents. The DOI is a unique
string of numbers that identifes
content and provides a lasting
link to its location on the Internet.
When a DOI is available, use it
instead of the URL in the reference.
No further retrieval information
is needed.
The DOI is usually located on the
frst page of an article. It may also
be listed on the full record display
of the database you used to fnd
the article.
The safest way to include the
DOI in your reference list entry
is by copying and pasting
whenever possible.
To fnd an article for which a DOI is
given, go to: www.crossref.org
—and enter the DOI string into the
DOI Resolver
Retrieval dates
The retrieval date is NOT included
when the content is in its fnal form,
and is not likely to be changed.
Publisher identity
If the publisher’s identity is not clear
from the author name, database
name, or other information, include
it as part of the retrieval statement.
This may be the case for large and
complex websites. (For examples,
see the frst two examples on page
12, the frst example on page 13 or
the second example on page 14 of
this guide.)
Database name
In general, it is NOT necessary
to include a database name
in a reference list entry (The
last example on page 11 is a
rare exception.)
Electronic Media | Basic Principles
Important note:
If you cannot work out how to cite a particular type of electronic resource from the advice given below, then go to the APA Style Guide
to Electronic References, which is available at https://ift.tt/2ohAskz
See especially page 2, How references are constructed. If you cannot fnd an exact model, then choose one that is close to the source
you are using, and follow the model provided (APA 2010, p. 193).
Note
Some teachers do not require
students to include retrieval
statements for journal
articles that have been
located electronically and
downloaded as a pdf fle.
If your lecturer accepts this,
then such articles should be
referenced as if they were
from a print journal.
Page 10 | Revised 8.ii.2013
Electronic Media | Online journal articles
Many journal articles (sometimes called periodicals) are available on the Web. Some have previously been published in print; others are
only available electronically. Peer reviewed journals provide reliable information. In contrast, general websites are often unreliable, and
can be diffcult to cite.
For these reasons, the following approach is highly recommended:
1. use the library’s databases to fnd reliable, peer-reviewed (academic-quality) articles;
2. select the pdf versions of articles that have already appeared in print;
3. cite the articles in the following way.
Note: If the electronic version of an article you are using is a draft version or not in its fnal form, then refer to the Publication Manual (6th ed.).

Reference List	In-text Citation
Article with DOI assigned See notes above, page 9.	McDougall, K. L. (2007). Grazing and fre in two subalpine peatlands. Australian Journal of Botany, 55(1), 42–47. doi:10.1071/BT06096 If a DOI is available, simply include it at the end of your reference list entry. No further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the article. Always include the issue number, if available, along with the volume number.	(McDougall, 2007, p. 43)
Article with no DOI assigned	Drury, V., Francis, K., & Chapman, Y. (2009). Mature learners becoming registered nurses: A grounded theory model. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 39–45. Retrieved from http://www.ajan.com.au/ If a DOI for a journal article retrieved online is not available, give the URL of the journal home page. No retrieval date is needed.	(Drury, Francis, & Chapman, 2009, p. 41)

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Electronic Media | Electronic Books
Note: “Retrieved from” and “Available from”.
When using the CSU catalogue, most of the electronic books you use are immediately and freely available to you. In these cases use
“Retrieved from” at the start of the retrieval statement.
However, if a source is not immediately available to you for free, then use “Available from” instead.

Reference List	In-text Citation
Entire book (Book found through database)	Grant, G. (2008). Family wars: Classic conﬂicts in family business and how to deal with them. Retrieved from EBook Library. This book was accessed through an electronic collection, so the name of the collection, EBook Library, is given. Other commonly used collections are Safari Books Online, and PsychBOOKS database. Google Books and Project Gotenberg are sources of out of print books.	(Grant, 2008, p. 45)
Entire book (Book found on public website)	O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from https://ift.tt/2PL3Z2B. asp?itemID=135 O’Keefe’s book was found on a publicly accessible website, so the URL is given. Note the use of “Available from” in this example, as the whole text must be purchased.	(O’Keefe, n.d.)
Book chapter (Book found through database)	Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. In W. A. White & S. E. Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern treatment of nervous and mental diseases (Vol. 1, pp. 287–330). Retrieved from PsychBOOKS database.	(Mitchell, 1913, p. 290)

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Electronic Media | Online Reference Resources

Online encyclopaedia	Graham, G. (2005). Behaviourism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/LPGFsH If the author of the entry is not named, place the title in the author position. See the following example.	(Graham, 2005)
Online dictionary	Pluperfect. (2009). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/14WpgN9 The author of the entry is not named, so the title is placed in the author position.	(“Pluperfect,” 2009)

Subject outline	Bardos, J. A. (2010). Introduction to nursing [SSS016 201015 Subject Outline]. Retrieved from Charles Sturt University website: http://interact.csu.edu. au/portal/site/SSS016_201015_B_D	(Bardos, 2010, p. 27)
Article or chapter in a university book of Readings	Give only the original citation details for the article or chapter in APA style. Page numbers are those of the original article. Do NOT give details of the book (or CD-ROM) of university readings. Similarly, for material found in eReserve in the library, include only the original citation details for the article or chapter.	Author, date, and page number of the original article to be provided in in-text citation.
Lecture notes	Brieger, B. (2005). Lecture 3: Recruitment and involvement of trainees [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Blomberg School of Public Health OpenCourseWare website: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/ courses/ TrainingMethodsContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm	(Brieger, 2004, slide 4)
CSU Interact material	Lipu, S. (2009). The information society [INF100 Module 2.3]. Retrieved January 20, 2009, from Charles Sturt University website: http://interact.csu.edu. au/portal/site/INF100_200910_W_D/page/40e08a17-4b31-45c7-00a7- e846ca5c7052 The retrieval date is included here because CSU Interact sites are constantly changing.	(Lipu, 2009)
Forum posting	Bardos, J. (2010, January 13). Webmail has been discontinued [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/2wuyZeh forums. pl?forum_id=SSS016_201015_B_D_forum&task=frameset	(Bardos, 2010)

Electronic Media | CSU Curriculum and Course Material
(Including subject Outlines and Readings. Not all of these items are mentioned in APA, but the principles are applied here.)
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Electronic Media | Technical and Research Reports
Technical and research reports “usually cover original research, but may or may not be peer reviewed” (APA, 2010, p. 205, para. 7.03).
Such reports are produced by a range of organizations including government departments, advocacy groups, trade groups, and
corporations. It includes material that is sometimes known as “gray literature”.
In the following examples a retrieval date is NOT necessary because the documents are dated and are not likely to be changed.

Reference List	In-text Citation
Fact sheet	Nell, J. (2007, July). Diseases of Sydney rock oysters [Primefact 589]. Retrieved from NSW Department of Primary Industries website: http://www.dpi.nsw. gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_fle/0004/164182/ Diseases-of-Sydney-rock-oysters.pdf A description of the work is included in square brackets to aid in document identifcation and retrieval.	(Nell, 2007, p. 3)
Fact sheet	NSW Department of Health. (2007, September 24). Solarium safety [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.health.nsw. gov.au/factsheets/ general/solarium.html	(NSW Department of Health, 2007, Causes of cancer, para. 2)
Information card	Beyond Blue. (2009). Anxiety disorders [Information card]. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/2POahyz. aspx?link_id=7.980&https://ift.tt/2POahyz. aspx?link_id=6.1068&tmp=FileDownload&fd=1100	(Beyond Blue, 2009)
Consumer brochure	California Board of Psychology. (2005). For your peace of mind: A consumer guide to psychological services [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.psychboard. ca.gov/ formspubs/consumer-brochure.pdf	(California Board of Psychology, 2005)
Press release	NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2008, November 14). NSW helps Tasmania put the lid on foxes [Press release]. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/1O2qqXF aboutus/news/recent-news/forests/put-the-lid-on-foxes	(NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2008, para. 5.)
Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin	Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and carers: Summary of fndings (No. 4430.0). Canberra: Author. The Australian Bureau of Statistics is both author and publisher.	(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999)

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Electronic Media | Technical and Research Reports (cont.)

Australian Bureau of Statistics from AusStats database	Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of population and housing: B)1 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area 6050. Retrieved November 20, 2002, from AusStats Database.	(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001).
Document contained within a large and complex website (e.g. the CSIRO, ABS, Department of School Education, or a University) (APA, 2010, p. 206, Examples 33 & 34)	Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies website: http://www.ilt. columbia.edu/ publications/papers/newwine1.html Note that the URL is preceded by a colon.	(Chou, McClintock, Moretti, & Nix, 1993)

Unpublished conference
paper presented at a
meeting, and retrieved
electronically

Evans, L. (2007, August). Observations on the changing
language of accounting. Paper submitted to the Fifth
Accounting History International Conference, Banff,
Canada. Retrieved from http://www.commerce.
usask.ca/special/5ahic/papers/5AHIC-62%20
Final%20paper.pdf

(Evans, 2007)

Newspaper article	Mannion, J. (2009, May 25). Military chiefs back Obama on Guantanamo. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from http://news.smh.com.au/	(Mannion, 1999)
Audio Podcast	Rayner, M. (Executive Producer). (2009, May 3). Spooking the strategic imagination: Australia’s defence policy. Hindsight [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http:// mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2009/05/ hht_20090503.mp3	(Rayner, 2009)

Electronic Media | Conference Papers
For conference papers and reports relating to meetings and symposia, see also the APA Style Guide to Electronic References, available
at https://ift.tt/2ohAskz
Electronic Media | General Interest Media and Alternative Presses
Page 15 | Revised 8.ii.2013

Chapter or section in an internet document— author named	Ogilvie, D. (n.d.). Why I don’t eat honey. In Why be vegan. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/1E7PQCR going-vegetarian/why-be-vegan-.html (n.d.) means that the date of publication was unavailable. The name of the site, Why be vegan, is in italics. The article, or section (Why I don’t eat honey), is not in italics.	(Ogilvie, n.d.)
Internet document— no author	Effects of global warming on whales. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ift.tt/2wtXDM1 b.2660179/k.BBA7/Stop_Whaling__Effects_ of_Global_Warming_on_Whales__IFAW_US.htm Begin the entry with the title of the document.	(“Effects of Global Warming,” n.d., para. 3). In-text, use a short title. The frst and major words are capitalized, and quotation marks are used. No italics.

Book	Truss, L. (2003). Eats, shoots, and leaves: The zero tolerance approach to punctuation. London: Profle. Record the book that you actually read.	According to Paul Robinson (as cited in Truss, 2003, p. 124) semi-colons are often used pretentiously.
Journal article	Bourke, C. A. (2005). A review of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) poisoning in cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal, 85(7), 261–267. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00168.x Record the journal that you actually read.	Peet et al. (as cited in Bourke, 2005, p. 264), examined the stomachs of affected sheep . . . . . . (Peet et al., as cited in Bourke, 2005, p. 264).

Electronic Media | Websites
University teachers advise against using websites that are not associated with identifable and reliable journals, scholars, universities,
research organizations (such as the CSIRO), or government bodies (including the ABS).
All websites should be carefully evaluated. If you cannot fnd out who is responsible for a site, then you should avoid it.
If page numbers are not given on a website, then include a section identifer and/or paragraph number: (Wilson, 2005, Introduction
section, para. 3).
Secondary Sources
Page 16 | Revised 8.ii.2013
Personal Communications

Reference List	In-text Citation
Personal communication (Including letters, conversations, personal interviews, and e-mail messages.)	Not included in the reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader.	R. Smith reported that 27 mm of rain fell on the paddock last week (personal communication, July 11, 2007). (B. G. Binns, personal communication, June 23, 2007)

Other Resources
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author. Chapter 7 of the sixth edition is
available at https://ift.tt/2PKZ5CF
The APA Style Guide to Electronic References is available at https://ift.tt/2ohAskz
Learning Skills highly recommends that you purchase a copy of Robert Perrin’s Pocket Guide to APA Style (4th ed.) from the
Co-op Bookshop.
The offcial APA Style Blog https://ift.tt/1IVazYQ is searchable and contains excellent advice for APA users.
The CSU Learning Support Forum https://ift.tt/2tuWcNM which can be searched, provides responses to
referencing questions.
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