ACADEMIC RESEARCH WRITERS- PAPERS WRITTEN FROM THE SCRATCH

What has been the most interesting aspect of environmental science that you have learned? Has your new understanding of environmental sustainability changed the way you view the environment? Have you adapted any behavioral changes as a result of taking this course? Any other aspect of environmental science that you would like to share that you thought was interesting? 75 to 150 words CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

How are Decisions Made in Your Family? How are decisions made in your family? If single, would a consumer consult anyone for advice before a major purchase? If a consumer was married or had a family, how do you think they would handle major purchases like a house? A car? Defend your response CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Your final project should be creative and interesting, and should be a minimum of 6 pages in length not to exceed 8 pages and you will use APA style formatting. It should be well-organized and demonstrate an orderly flow of information that clearly addresses the subject chosen. You should incorporate the following elements in the project: 1.Problem identification: Clearly indicate the issue you will discuss and the influence this problem has on land, air, water resources, plant life, animal life, and human societies. Discuss the long-term effects this problem will continue to create without a comprehensive solution. The problem can be of local, national, or global scope. 2.Solutions currently implemented: Discuss how the issue has been addressed historically. Determine the courses of action taken in science, technology, political and economic systems, laws and regulations, community-based initiatives, education, and so forth. Review the successes and limitations of these actions. 3.

In a 1-2 page paper, using APA-style formatting, discuss three things you learned from the slide presentation on plastic bags? If you were given the opportunity to address the public-at-large, what would be your recommendation regarding the use of plastic bags? In your closing remarks, include a short catchy phase, slogan, poem, or any other creative statement to emphasize your point of view CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Environmental Preservation and Behaviors Considering what you’ve learned in this course, outline the three most important aspects of the environment that we should protect at the highest priority. How do your current behaviors affect these three things? What can you do to change your behaviors? CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Environmental Preservation and Behaviors Considering what you’ve learned in this course, outline the three most important aspects of the environment that we should protect at the highest priority. How do your current behaviors affect these three things? What can you do to change your behaviors? CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

In a 1-2 page paper, using APA-style formatting, discuss three things you learned from the slide presentation on plastic bags? If you were given the opportunity to address the public-at-large, what would be your recommendation regarding the use of plastic bags? In your closing remarks, include a short catchy phase, slogan, poem, or any other creative statement to emphasize your point of view CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

City Council Proposal You have received a memo from your city manager advising that all city budgets will be cut by 7% and this includes the public safety budget. The Chief of Police has assigned you to assemble a team and present a budget proposal outlining the 7% percent (minimum) of the police department’s budget that you propose to be cut. The chief has charged your team with presenting the how, when, and where the cuts or monies will be applied. The presentation should be administered from an inclusive approach considering an overall criminal justice scope along with community and external stakeholder elements. In essence this assignment should not be taken with a narrow view simply from a policing perspective. Critical elements of this assignment focus on your budget teams ability to understand differing ways and means to apply budgetary process and related cuts. Budget approach and cuts often involve tough decisions including assignments, personnel, equipment, training, an

e-Activity Go to your state’s DOH Website, and review the statistics and research data information on screening for cancer and other prevalent diseases. “Disease Screening Methodology” Please respond to the following: From the case study and e-Activity, analyze and evaluate the various measures of screening tests validation, and comment on the efficacy of screening programs in your community. From the case study and applying the concepts of sensitivity and specificity to prostate cancer screening, evaluate the cost effectiveness of having screenings for men over 50 years of age. APA format no plagerism include sources 1 page Due tomorrow 12pm eastern time Course HSA 535 Managerial Epidimiology CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Global Perspectives on Policy and Political Contexts of Health Care Assessment CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

A Multiple Kernel Learning for Fusion Research Paper CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Model of play: evidence of play observations, analyses, and planning undertaken in relation to model of play CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Water Treatment and Management System For Greenhouse Farming CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Veja: Sneakers with a Conscience CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Why do cigarette companies advertise ”too much”? CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

PCOS carries with it body changes that may be more troubling for a female than the actual cause of these changes. What body changes may affect the female? How does the nurse practitioner address these with the patient? What education and counseling does the nurse practitioner offer? •Discuss the risks or complications associated with PCOS. How does the nurse practitioner manage these complications? •Women of all ages may present with vaginal bleeding other than menstrual bleeding. What might be causes in the adolescent? In the pregnant woman? In postmenopausal women? Understanding the problem and being able to organize your thinking about differential diagnoses, although challenging, will assist you greatly in clinical practice. •Upon routine pelvic exam, you find a nontender mass in the lower-left quadrant. What are your differential diagnoses? What questions should you ask the client? Based on your findings, what recommendations would you make to your client as the next

Are there any patterns in U.S. foreign policies towards the Third World? What then are the main or primary U.S. foreign policy objectives in the Third World? (What are U.S. foreign policies in Third World countries trying to achieve or designed to achieve and actually achieving?)

use the valuation model to forecast future financial performance for woolworths ltd

Kenny Bin has been working in the hospitality industry for 6 years and is now considering opening up a barista training facility for the hospitality industry. He has won some money in Lotto, part of which he intends to invest in this venture. As more and more people also buy coffee machines for private use, he feels there is another market there. He is not sure on which market to concentrate. Written the Marketing Plan “Marketing Mix” with the Choice of Project based on the Situation Analysis

Beijing Opera’s rise and decline (evolution)

PCOS carries with it body changes that may be more troubling for a female than the actual cause of these changes. What body changes may affect the female? How does the nurse practitioner address these with the patient? What education and counseling does the nurse practitioner offer? Discuss the risks or complications associated with PCOS. How does the nurse practitioner manage these complications? Women of all ages may present with vaginal bleeding other than menstrual bleeding. What might be causes in the adolescent? In the pregnant woman? In postmenopausal women? Understanding the problem and being able to organize your thinking about differential diagnoses, although challenging, will assist you greatly in clinical practice. Upon routine pelvic exam, you find a nontender mass in the lower-left quadrant. What are your differential diagnoses? What questions should you ask the client? Based on your findings, what recommendations would you make to your client as the next st

The Function of Crime Could murder, robbery or identity theft be beneficial for society? It seems counterintuitive to think that any crime might be functional for society but that is what some scholars suggest. For example, French sociologist, Emile Durkheim argues that all societies need crime in order to establish moral boundaries (Jones, 1986). Durkheim contends that crime supports society’s social structure by pitting those that do not violate the law against those that do violate the law. Crime also allows for social change because it moves society forward in its evolution. Conversely, the late U.S. Senator and sociologist Daniel Patrick Moynihan (2001) argued that crime actually hinders societal evolution and forces the public to tolerate harmful behaviors. According to Moynihan, “We [the public] are getting used to a lot of behavior that is not good for us” (p. 30). As a result, public tolerance of crime may cause a redefinition of criminal activity. For this Discu

Global Connections through Technology

China’s increasing involvement in Africa is highly beneficial for the continent”. Critically evaluate this claim, citing relevant examples to support your argument

heat trasfer, fluid dynamics, fire plume & enclosure fire

In your opinion, what are the two most important factors that influence adolescent development? Give rationales for your choices. •In the Western culture, there are a variety of health services available for adolescents, but what is missing in Western society that would benefit health promotion for adolescents? •How do the health problems that adolescents face impact their health and wellness in their lifetime? •A fourteen-year-old female comes into the clinic accompanied by her mother. The teen states she feels a “lump” in her right breast. How would you address this complaint with the patient and her mother? What history and physical examination (PE) would be important to assess? What teaching would you do with the patient? Hint: Remember she is fourteen years old. •Discuss how you would take a sexual history from an adolescent. What are all the areas you would need to address?

Use the RFP you have selected to work with during this course. Given the following list of possible risks/opportunities, name four that come into play, and give details about how each of the four you selected can impact the RFP (risks and opportunities) you have selected if it were to be a real project. How can these risks be mitigated? How can the opportunities (if any) be used to improve the project and procurement relationship? Submit this assignment as one comprehensive MS Word document of no less than 500 words. • Budget • Schedule • Seller Experience • Quality • Technology • Geography (location of buyer, seller, associates) • Financial • Strategic Direction (for both buyer and seller)

Environment energy sources and harmful water consumption Evaluate the costs and benefits (both economically and socially) of using coal, oil, and natural gas. In your evaluation provide pros and cons for which each energy source. Describe three push and three pull factors that have influenced the demographic shift from rural areas to urban areas. Describe ten things you can do to reduce consumption of water, energy, and or any other resource. What does the acronym ENSO stand for? Describe the repercussions in weather systems for Australia, Indonesia, North America, and South America from ENSO.

Assessment Criteria for Semester Paper (Total Marks 30 (10 Marks for each criteria) A. Presentation: 10 marks Research effort and suitability of sources of information including the use of an accepted style of academic referencing such as books, journals and the Internet Standard/quality of presentation including grammar and spelling B. Research: 10 Marks The quality of the overall research effort, including standard and depth of analysis of the prescribed topic Review of theoretical and empirical literature relevant to the topic. C. Strength of Analysis: 10 Marks Clarity of arguments and strength of analysis keeping the text neat and integrated with introduction, main text and conclusion/recommendation Use clear figures, charts and tables in appropriate places.

evaluate Apex Managed Care Inc.’s Open MRI health plan according to HEDIS performance measures, be sure that you apply each of the eight (8) dimensions/guidelines specifically to an Open MRI clinic.

Critically evaluate the range of security threats in the contemporary global environment. Which do you feel are the most important an

collect 2 original & separate but current articles (eg: from 2 different sources – newspaper, Sydney Morning Herald, Australian Financial Review, magazines, etc., but not from the internet), one each week for 2 weeks (7days apart) and to provide in your own words a one page answer showing: the name, the source and the date of the article, original article full page cut out the main economic concept or theme of the article, how you can relate the article to economic theory you are studying the main economic conclusions you are able to draw from the article Refer to marking grid for full details (Do not summarise the article) For two (2) weeks, collect one article and prepare your analysis/discussion using the above points as your guide. You are not allowed to use articles before the beginning of semester. You must have 2 separate articles over 2 separate weeks on 2 different topics with your written analysis. Attach the original intact article you selected to your week

Discuss the initiation of puberty and the role that hormones play during this period in the adolescent’s life span. Discuss the menstrual cycle and the phases involved in the menstrual cycle. What is the role of various hormones during each phase and what is the significance of each? Compare and contrast the hormones relevant during the menstrual cycle and menopause. What changes occur in the woman’s body as she prepares to enter menopause? Tanner staging during puberty has been used for decades. Tanner staging also estimates when to expect to see these changes in boys and girls. Yet it seems that girls and boys are “maturing faster” today than in previous decades. Do you believe this is a true statement—that adolescents are maturing at an earlier age? If so, what do you believe is the cause of this? If you disagree with this statement, give rationale for why.

Your focus for this assignment should be on young adult gynecology (<25 YOA). Select a client from one of the following age categories: a.13–15 b.16–18 c.19–24 d.25–35 (Although this week’s focus is on patients <25 YOA, this category is included to provide an opportunity to address age and smoking impact on contraceptive selection.) Some examples of topics you might select from include STDs, unintended pregnancies, diverse cultural issues, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Remember to include health promotion and disease prevention, where applicable, with all presentations and patient counseling. Use the format defined above(I have attached the format to use) to present your patient in this Discussion Area. In addition, tell the class about your approach and patient care. Use published articles to support your approach.

A female patient seeking contraception options needs to select a method that is best for her and her partner. What questions and/or discussions would be important for the nurse practitioner to ask the patient when counseling her about contraception methods? •Which oral contraceptive pill is better: estrogen-containing pills or progestin-only pills? Why? •What does the female patient seeking counseling about IUDs need to know? Are there any hazards or stigmas related to this type of contraception? If so, what are those and how would you educate the patient regarding them? •A nineteen-year-old female comes to the student health center at a public university and requests emergency contraception. What history do you collect on the patient? Do you give her emergency contraception? Why or why not?

london comes top …. for traffic congestion CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Essay Assignment Your Assignment is to write an essay discussing how you, as a business owner, can use annuities to achieve business goals. Financial decisions require careful planning and prioritizing, especially when large, capital-intensive purchases are involved. As you establish a process to achieve your company goals, you will need to demonstrate your math skills, consider different investment options, and describe how different investment vehicles can be used effectively to accomplish business goals. Scenario: As the owner of a vinyl fencing company, you are making plans for two large purchases in the next 3 to 5 years to achieve your business goals. Purchase 1: You plan to expand your vinyl fence company in the future, and must purchase a new warehouse facility to achieve this goal. Your insurance company is offering you two very attractive investment options, an ordinary annuity and an annuity due, both compounding quarterly and paying 8% annual interest over a 5

Please respond to the following: · Select a goods-producing organization and a service-providing organization of your choice. Suggest ways each organization can make aggregate planning decisions using the variables described in Exhibit 13.3 (Chapter 13). · Compare and contrast the operational and managerial impacts of the aggregate planning decisions in terms of customer satisfaction. CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Following the discussion of motivation, you will find an illustration of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Review this illustration and the explanation concerning this theory. This theory of motivation and others developed by people such as Herzberg and McGregor have been available to students of OB for many years. First, review the literature concerning three traditional theories of motivation and analyze and describe the pros and cons of each theory. Then, search the South University Online Library and find two contemporary theories of motivation and describe the pros and cons of each theory. Third, describe which theory of motivation you find most applicable for your workplace. Be prepared to defend your position in the response area. CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

List most important facilities and equipment and briefly describe how they will be acquired, in terms of whether they will be purchased, leased, or other means. How the equipment and program are being chosen? Compare prices of solar panel from United States to other country. What other installation parts do we need? What steps have been completed and are currently under way to guide our selection of facilities, programs, and equipment? Building and Future Growth? Transportation needs, such as proximity to rail, interstate highways, or airports, can also be important Business location, term of the lease, prior renters of the building before our company? Square footage of the building? Does the building need to be remodel? Layout of the building; How many offices? Restrooms, kitchen, reception area, mechanical service area Don’t forget to include room for expansion if you anticipate growth. http://www.solar-electric.com/installation-parts-and-equipment.html CLICK HER

Explore the following set of three [4] innovative healthcare alternatives: [Surgicenters, Telehome Care, “Day” Hospitals, and Hospital At Home] Surgicenter: A freestanding health care facility where surgical procedures are performed when an overnight hospital stay is not necessary. Telehomecare (THC) is a subfield within telehealth. It involves the delivery of healthcare services to patients at home through the use of telecommunications technologies, which enable the interaction of voice, video, and health-related data Day Hospital a special facility, or an arrangement within a hospital setting, that enables the patient to come to the hospital for treatment during the day and return home or to another facility at night. Hospital at Home® is a care model for adoption by health care organizations that provides hospital-level care in a patient’s home as a full substitute for acute hospital care. Part A 100 points. Separately describe the following 4 healthcare alternativ

Details of complete assignment content, deliverables and rubric Team-Building and Communications Proposal You have just been hired as a consultant to the chief executive officer (CEO) of a health care organization. Your duty is to improve the management tools and practices needed to work in teams, build cross-functional teams, and facilitate collaborative decision-making. You need to identify elements found in an effective health care work group and identify barriers to communication that may cause conflict within a group. Also, forward communication techniques that can be used to avoid conflicts within a team where individuals hold different roles. You need to address ways to improve communication among departments in an organization to avoid conflict. Finally, identify strategies that may be used to avoid recurring conflicts and ways a leader can prevent conflict within team in the organization. Based upon what you have learned in this class, prepare a 1,250-1,500 word

Full instructions are attached. Your final product will be a paper that:  Addresses each of the topic/questions above in total.  Is APA formatted.  The body is to be 2 pages minimum. Define the overall subject of each question. Cite at least three (3) resources The next four resources should be used to complete the assignment for this unit. Krikorian, M. (2007, September 24). Fewer Migrants Mean More Benefits: As Immigration Enforcement Takes Hold, Jobs Begin to Open up to Less-skilled Americans. Los Angeles Times. National Immigration Forum: Practical Solutions for Immigrants and America [website]. Bacon, D. (2007, July 23). Time for a More Radical Immigrant-Rights Movement: Congress’s failure to pass immigration reform legislation is being used to crack down on undocumented immigrants in several states. The American Prospect [online]. Portes, A. (2007, September 23). The Fence to Nowhere: More than ever, we need to craft an accord on migrant workers. The American

Research the Internet for recent litigation, censures, and fines involving national public accounting firms. Examples of litigation cases against national public accounting firms include fines by regulatory authorities and censures by professional societies. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: Analyze the primary accounting issues which form the crux of the litigation or fine for the firm, and indicate the impact to the firm as a result of litigation or fine. Provide support for your rationale. Examine the key inferences of corporate ethics related to internal controls and accounting principles which lead to the litigation or fine for the accounting firm. Evaluate the primary ethical standards of the accounting organization’s leadership and values which contributed to approval of the accounting issues and thus created the litigation or fines in question. Identify specific conduct violations committed by the organization and accounting firm in question.

You are a management team in a selected virtual organization. Your business is shifting its focus and has indicated innovation as a high priority. To integrate innovation into the culture of the company even further, an employee measurement and reward system is being developed by your team. Access the Virtual Organization web page Riordan Manufacturing as the basis for your assignment. Write a business proposal. Determine how you might measure and reward employees for innovative thinking and write an informal proposal of your ideas to the organization’s CEO or founder Your proposal must be at least 500 words and include the following: Define how success will be measured. Describe how the system will affect the hiring process. Describe how employees will be rewarded for innovative thinking. Describe how the system might affect financial management, investor relations, and market perceptions among shareholders. CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS

Find a recent news article on the Internet that concerns probable cause and criminal procedure. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word summary of the article in which you analyze the requirements for search and arrest warrants, and how they relate to the right to privacy and probable cause. In addition, discuss exceptions to warrant requirements. Format your summary consistent with APA guidelines CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

Some people you know say they don’t believe that the climate is changing. After this week’s readings, how would you respond? Write a 525- to 700-word response including: How scientists learn about past global temperatures and climates. The greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases and their role in current climate change. One piece of data scientists offer to show that the climate is changing globally (see this NASA website: http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ ). Expected impacts of climate change in your area (this EPA website is very helpful: www3.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts/). CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS, GET A NON PLAGIARIZED PAPER FROM OUR EXPERTS…… CLICK HERE AND ORDER NOW………………………. 

throughout this course, you have completed journal entries that were both introspective and autobiographical in nature. Reread your entries for Weeks 1–4. Reflect on how well you were able to describe who you are and the ways that you are growing with respect to your understanding of race, social class, gender, sexual orientation, cultural and linguistic diversity, and abilities and disabilities. Your fifth and final journal entry asks you to reflect on the personal and professional insights you have gained throughout the course and respond to at least two of the following questions: How will this greater awareness of yourself and your strengths, challenges, and comfort levels influence your life and help you relate to and work with children and families of all backgrounds, cultures, influences, preferences, and readiness levels? What kinds of professional development will you seek to help you continue to grow in your personal and professional knowledge of issues relat

Select two out of the three writing prompts listed below. Your responses to your two chosen prompts should be at least500 words each. No title page is needed, but be sure to indicate which writing prompts you are addressing at the top ofeach response. Each response needs its own reference page.Writing Prompts (respond to two only): 1. Using the life cycle concepts discussed in Chapter 3, select a product, and describe its life cycle. 2. Imagine that you broke a compact disk (CD) that had music on it. Please respond to the following questions in paragraph form: How do you typically dispose of a broken CD? Does your community have a means of recycling CDs? MEE 6201, Advanced Pollution Prevention 3 Considering Figure 4.2 in the textbook, what infrastructure would be needed in your community in order to have the best end of life option, which is reuse? If reuse is not possible, discuss re-engineering, recycling, or combustion as options instead of disposal in a landfill. R

In the beginning…. God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society. Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative fo