Explain the characteristics of relational databases and their role in creation and communication of business intelligence.
ASSESSMENT BRIEF
Subject Code and Title ACCT6001 Accounting Information Systems
Assessment Assessment 4: Database Application – Case Study
Individual/Group Individual
Length 1500 words +/-10%
Learning Outcomes b) Explain the characteristics of relational databases and their role in creation and communication of business intelligence.
c) Identify and assess IT controls, auditing, ethical, privacy and security issues with respect to information.
d) Apply technical knowledge and skills in creating information for the workplace using spreadsheets and relational databases.
e) Communicate with IT professionals, stakeholders and user groups of information systems.
Submission By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday week 12/ end of module
6.2
For intensive mode: By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday week 6/ end of module 6.2
Weighting 30%
Total Marks 100 marks
Context:
The aim of this assessment is to assess the student’s ability to solve business problems using database design tool and software. It also aims to enable students to think about the impacts of using IT in Businesses and communicate key issues through a written report.
Many companies depend on the accurate recording, updating and tracking of their data on a minute-to-minute basis. Employees access this data using databases. An understanding of this technology allows business professionals to be able to perform their work effectively.
ASSESSMENT 4 Database Application Case Study
CASE STUDY
Background of Torrens We Help Inc.
Torrens We Help Inc (TWHI) is a not-for-profit private education organisation. It provides online education in farming anywhere in the world. The majority of their students are from outback areas of Australia, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand.
TWHI wants to engage and work in partnership with communities, industries and businesses. It seeks to provide multiple learning experiences and opportunities to enrich the learning journey of its students. TWHI prides itself on being an inclusive provider, offering higher education to people who might not otherwise have the opportunity to experience it. To this end many of its students have their fees paid partially or fully by the Australian, PNG or New Zealand government.
One of their projects is called Project -HR DATABASE-. The following are the stages:
Stage 1: Develop HR Database System for the Academic Staff
Stage 2: Extend the Database system to include administrative Staff
Stage 3: Develop a prototype data mart for the HR System that will be used as basis for the development of the data warehouse for the entire university.
You have been assigned to develop the stage 1 of their project.
Project Description:
TWHI has used a spreadsheet software to maintain and monitor its employee information. Its human resource (HR) department is currently struggling get the updated information of its entire academic and administrative staff. The HR manager maintains the following spreadsheets:
• Employee information (Employee ID, Title, First Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Birthdate, Street Address, City State, Postal Code, Phone Number, Mobile Number, Date Hired, Date Terminated, TFN, Department, Location)
• Timesheet for teaching staff (name of staff, hours worked per week, type of work, (e.g., online facilitation, assessment marking, consultation), hourly rate, subject name, number of students)
• List of subjects that teaching staff is approved to teach (name, list of subjects)
• Information about the teaching staff (name, location, contact details, status (part-time, full-time, sessional)
• Administrative staff information (name, position, status (part time or full-time)
• Teaching staff and administrative staff leave/absence spreadsheet (name of staff, position, status, no of leave allowed, no of sick leave allowed, dates of leave/absences, type of leave, remaining leave, remaining sick leave, paid/not paid leave, status (approved or not)
• Staff Professional Development Activities (name of staff, date of activity, type of activity, description of activity, report submitted, funding type)
Aside from the abovementioned spreadsheets, the HR Manager maintains a physical file of all the Curriuculum Vitae’s of all the staff and just reads the CVs when information is needed. Because of this, the HR Manager spends time sorting and looking at the staff’s records to get the information needed by several stakeholders in AusED (e.g., management, payroll, staff)
Management has determined that the company’s plan of extending its education services to different areas means it is no longer feasible to use spreadsheets to maintain the organisation’s human resource data. A human resource development database system needs to be designed to be able to store and retrieve all employee related information in an organized and efficient manner. In addition, the spreadsheets that the AusED Human Resource (HR) manager maintains contain a lot of redundant data. The spreadsheets also contain attributes (columns) that should belong to other spreadsheets.
You are expected to develop a database for the ACADEMIC STAFF of TWHI Human Resource. You need to design and implement the database using Microsoft Access or LibreOfficeBase.
In this project, you are required to design the database and develop the database for storing and retrieving information about the TWHI Academic Staff. You need to create tables, queries, reports and forms.
The following are some of the requirements for TWHI HR:
1. Forms:
a. HR Manager should have the form to enter the information about AusED’s employees
b. HR Manager should have the form to enter information about the allocation of subject per Academic Staff
2. Reports:
a. HR Manager wants to see the following reports:
• List of all Employees and their contact details (sorted by Last Name, then First Name)
• List and total number of all full-time Academic Staff and their location
• List and total number of all part-time Academic Staff and their location
• List and total number of sessional Academic Staff and their location
• List the names of all academic staff and the type of work they are doing.
• List the names of all employees and how long they have worked for TWHI
3. Tables:
a. In order for you to create the forms and required reports, you must first create tables that will store all the data about the Academic Staff.
b. The following are the activities you expected to do:
• create the database tables
• normalise the database tables
• update the database tables using SQL statements
• add at least 10 different data per table
c. The final project should contain normalised tables
4. E-R Diagram
a. You are also required to submit the E-R diagram for this project using any diagram editor.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
The following are some of the guidelines followed by the HR Manager:
• The teaching staff can teach different subjects. The HR manager has to monitor distribution of teaching load. It is possible that several teaching staff will teach the same subject depending on the number of students enrolled. Because of this, each subject is also assigned to a class.
• Please take note of the following when entering data:
o Currently all employees are in the IT Department o Start by entering data in the Employee table o An Academic Staff is an Employee therefore the Academic Staff - Employee ID should exist in the Employee table (i.e., if there is an employee ID 00000 at
the Academic Staff table, then there should be a data about Employee Id 00000 at the Employee table.
o The FacilitatorID is the ID of the Employee facilitating the subject. o The following are the list of Units currently being offered:
? BIS2018 – Fundamentals of Business Information System
? PLC2018 - Industry Placement
? PRJ2018 – Information Systems Project Management
? DBM2018 – Database Management System
o Current available class codes are (only one facilitator is allowed to teach a class):
? CBIS20181A-1-18 (this is read as Class BIS2018 group A – Semester 1- 2018)
? CBIS20181B-1-18
? CPLC2018A-1-18
? CPRJ2018A-1-18
? CPRJ2018B-1-18 ? CPRJ2018C-1-18
? CDBM2018A-1-18
? CPLC2018A-1-18 o Semester Code format is SEM no - year . For example: SEM1-2018, SEM22018, SEM1-2019 and so on. There are 3 semesters per year.
o Work Type can be:
? Online facilitation
? Assessment marking
? Consultation
? Tutorial o Status of an Academic Staff can be:
? Full-time
? Part-time
? Sessional
Instructions:
1. You need to design and develop a new database given the information provided above. Create the E-R diagram, translate to relational schema and then normalise. 2. Create the tables, forms, reports and queries using libreBase or Microsoft Access 3. You need to create the following forms for data entry:
a. Employee Form
b. Project Form
c. Supplier Form
4. The following are the queries that should be answered by the database:
a. List of all the projects’ information
b. List of all the projects titles, description, due date and activities per project
c. List of all information about the team members of each project
d. List all the projects that are due on December 2018 5. Priority reports that are needed are the following:
a. List of the materials that were delivered on November 18 and the name of their suppliers
b. List of all the suppliers’ information
SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS:
1) A word document containing:
a) Introduction - a summary of the case study
b) Justification of the use of database
c) Database Design: E-R Diagram
d) IT controls needed
2) LibreOffice Base/Microsoft Access files used in creating the tables, forms, queries and reports
Criteria
• Need for the implementation of the database
• E-R Diagram
• Normalised Database Tables
• Queries
• Forms and Reports
• IT Control
Learning Rubrics
Assessment Attributes Fail
(Unacceptable) Pass (Functional) Credit (Proficient) Distinction (Advanced) High Distinction (Exceptional)
Points
Need for the implementation of the database
15%% Unsatisfactory explanation provided is very general, lacks detail, does not answer the question.
Points 0-6 Satisfactory explanation provided, several justifications discussed, lack detailed explanation.
Points 7-9
Good explanation provided, several justifications discussed. Explanations are detailed but some are not convincing.
Points 10-11 Very good explanation and justification. Explanations are convincing. Main problems are identified and discussed in details. Provided some examples.
Points 12-13 Excellent explanation and justifications provided. Main problems are identified and prioritised. Each problem is discussed in detail. Examples were provided for each problem.
Points 14-15
E-R Diagram
15% E-R Diagram is incorrect.
More than 50% of the entities, attributes and relationships identified are incorrect.
Points 0-6 E-R diagram is complete but some attributes and
relationships are incorrect.
Some entities identified should not be an entity.
Around 50% of attributes are missing (or incorrect) and incorrect relationships are identified.
Points 7-9
E-R diagram is complete.
All entities identified are correct.
Around 25% of the attributes and relationships are missing or incorrect.
Points 10-11
E-R diagram is complete.
Identified entities were correct and complete.
Attributes were correct and complete.
One or two relationships
were missing (or incorrect)
Points 12-13 E-R Diagram is complete.
All entities, attributes and relationships are identified correctly.
Points 14-15
Database Tables
20% Database tables are incorrect and incomplete.
E-R Diagram is not correctly translated to database tables.
Majority of the tables, attributes are missing. Not all entities were translated into tables.
Points 0-9 Database table is complete.
All entities are translated into tables.
Some attributes of the ER Diagram are not in the table and types of attributes are incorrect.
Relationships are not translated to tables (primary keys and foreign key are incorrect).
Some data in the table were entered.
Points -10-12
Database table is complete.
All entities are translated into tables.
Attributes are all present and relationships among tables are established (primary keys and foreign
keys are mostly correct)
All data in the table were entered.
Most of the attributes have correct types.
Points 13-15
Database table is complete.
All entities are correctly and completely translated into tables.
Attributes and types of attributes were correctly identified.
All data in the table were entered.
Most table relationships are correct (primary keys and foreign keys and their relationship have been mostly correctly established).
Points 16-18
Database table is complete.
All entities are correctly and completely translated into tables.
Attributes and types of attributes are correctly identified.
All data in the table are entered.
All table relationships are correct (primary and foreign keys and their relationships
are all correctly identified)
Points 19-20
Queries
20% SQL queries and generated are mostly incorrect.
Complex queries are
not answered
Points 0-9 More than 50% of the SQL queries are correct.
Complex queries are incorrect.
Points -10-12
More than 75% of the SQL queries are correct.
Complex queries are mostly incorrect.
Points 13-15
Almost all queries are correct (one or two
incorrect queries).
Some complex queries were answered.
Points 16-18 All SQL queries are correct.
Can generate complex queries.
Points 19-20
Forms and Reports
15% Unsatisfactory forms. Forms does not enter data.
Reports are mostly incorrect. No report formatting used.
Points 0-6 Satisfactory forms. Some links to the tables are not functioning. Some data cannot be entered in the tables via forms.
Simple design incorporated in the forms. Not professional looking.
More than 50% of the reports are correct. No report formatting used.
Points 7-9
Good forms. Most data can be entered in the tables via forms.
Some design were incorporated in the forms but not professional looking.
More than 75% of the reports are correct. Some report formatting used.
Points 10-11
Very good forms. All elements of the forms are created. All data can be entered via forms.
Design were incorporated in the forms. Somewhat professional looking.
Almost all of the reports are correct (one or two incorrect). Report formatting used.
Points 12-13 Excellent form.
All elements of the forms are created. All data can be entered via forms.
Professional looking forms.
All of the reports are correct Report formatting used extensively.
Points 14-15
Database Analysis
15% Makes assertions about the database issues given that are not justified.
Points 0-6 Some issues are justified by arguments and not merely assertions.
Points 7-9 Issues identified are appropriate. Arguments are presented to justify the issues.
Takes into account the complexities of the issues. Other viewpoints were acknowledged.
Justifies any conclusions reach with arguments and not merely assertions.
Points 10-11 Issues identified are appropriate. Arguments are presented to justify the issues.
Accurately takes into account the complexities of the issues. Other viewpoints were acknowledged.
Justifies any conclusions reach with well-developed arguments and not merely assertions.
Points 12-13 Issues identified are appropriate. Arguments are presented to justify the issues.
Accurately takes into account the complexities of the issues and provided examples. Other viewpoints were acknowledged.
Justifies any conclusions reach with well-developed arguments and wellarticulated viewpoint on the issues and substantiated by research.
Points 14-15
of
Subject Code and Title ACCT6001 Accounting Information Systems
Assessment Assessment 4: Database Application – Case Study
Individual/Group Individual
Length 1500 words +/-10%
Learning Outcomes b) Explain the characteristics of relational databases and their role in creation and communication of business intelligence.
c) Identify and assess IT controls, auditing, ethical, privacy and security issues with respect to information.
d) Apply technical knowledge and skills in creating information for the workplace using spreadsheets and relational databases.
e) Communicate with IT professionals, stakeholders and user groups of information systems.
Submission By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday week 12/ end of module
6.2
For intensive mode: By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday week 6/ end of module 6.2
Weighting 30%
Total Marks 100 marks
Context:
The aim of this assessment is to assess the student’s ability to solve business problems using database design tool and software. It also aims to enable students to think about the impacts of using IT in Businesses and communicate key issues through a written report.
Many companies depend on the accurate recording, updating and tracking of their data on a minute-to-minute basis. Employees access this data using databases. An understanding of this technology allows business professionals to be able to perform their work effectively.
ASSESSMENT 4 Database Application Case Study
CASE STUDY
Background of Torrens We Help Inc.
Torrens We Help Inc (TWHI) is a not-for-profit private education organisation. It provides online education in farming anywhere in the world. The majority of their students are from outback areas of Australia, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand.
TWHI wants to engage and work in partnership with communities, industries and businesses. It seeks to provide multiple learning experiences and opportunities to enrich the learning journey of its students. TWHI prides itself on being an inclusive provider, offering higher education to people who might not otherwise have the opportunity to experience it. To this end many of its students have their fees paid partially or fully by the Australian, PNG or New Zealand government.
One of their projects is called Project -HR DATABASE-. The following are the stages:
Stage 1: Develop HR Database System for the Academic Staff
Stage 2: Extend the Database system to include administrative Staff
Stage 3: Develop a prototype data mart for the HR System that will be used as basis for the development of the data warehouse for the entire university.
You have been assigned to develop the stage 1 of their project.
Project Description:
TWHI has used a spreadsheet software to maintain and monitor its employee information. Its human resource (HR) department is currently struggling get the updated information of its entire academic and administrative staff. The HR manager maintains the following spreadsheets:
• Employee information (Employee ID, Title, First Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Birthdate, Street Address, City State, Postal Code, Phone Number, Mobile Number, Date Hired, Date Terminated, TFN, Department, Location)
• Timesheet for teaching staff (name of staff, hours worked per week, type of work, (e.g., online facilitation, assessment marking, consultation), hourly rate, subject name, number of students)
• List of subjects that teaching staff is approved to teach (name, list of subjects)
• Information about the teaching staff (name, location, contact details, status (part-time, full-time, sessional)
• Administrative staff information (name, position, status (part time or full-time)
• Teaching staff and administrative staff leave/absence spreadsheet (name of staff, position, status, no of leave allowed, no of sick leave allowed, dates of leave/absences, type of leave, remaining leave, remaining sick leave, paid/not paid leave, status (approved or not)
• Staff Professional Development Activities (name of staff, date of activity, type of activity, description of activity, report submitted, funding type)
Aside from the abovementioned spreadsheets, the HR Manager maintains a physical file of all the Curriuculum Vitae’s of all the staff and just reads the CVs when information is needed. Because of this, the HR Manager spends time sorting and looking at the staff’s records to get the information needed by several stakeholders in AusED (e.g., management, payroll, staff)
Management has determined that the company’s plan of extending its education services to different areas means it is no longer feasible to use spreadsheets to maintain the organisation’s human resource data. A human resource development database system needs to be designed to be able to store and retrieve all employee related information in an organized and efficient manner. In addition, the spreadsheets that the AusED Human Resource (HR) manager maintains contain a lot of redundant data. The spreadsheets also contain attributes (columns) that should belong to other spreadsheets.
You are expected to develop a database for the ACADEMIC STAFF of TWHI Human Resource. You need to design and implement the database using Microsoft Access or LibreOfficeBase.
In this project, you are required to design the database and develop the database for storing and retrieving information about the TWHI Academic Staff. You need to create tables, queries, reports and forms.
The following are some of the requirements for TWHI HR:
1. Forms:
a. HR Manager should have the form to enter the information about AusED’s employees
b. HR Manager should have the form to enter information about the allocation of subject per Academic Staff
2. Reports:
a. HR Manager wants to see the following reports:
• List of all Employees and their contact details (sorted by Last Name, then First Name)
• List and total number of all full-time Academic Staff and their location
• List and total number of all part-time Academic Staff and their location
• List and total number of sessional Academic Staff and their location
• List the names of all academic staff and the type of work they are doing.
• List the names of all employees and how long they have worked for TWHI
3. Tables:
a. In order for you to create the forms and required reports, you must first create tables that will store all the data about the Academic Staff.
b. The following are the activities you expected to do:
• create the database tables
• normalise the database tables
• update the database tables using SQL statements
• add at least 10 different data per table
c. The final project should contain normalised tables
4. E-R Diagram
a. You are also required to submit the E-R diagram for this project using any diagram editor.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
The following are some of the guidelines followed by the HR Manager:
• The teaching staff can teach different subjects. The HR manager has to monitor distribution of teaching load. It is possible that several teaching staff will teach the same subject depending on the number of students enrolled. Because of this, each subject is also assigned to a class.
• Please take note of the following when entering data:
o Currently all employees are in the IT Department o Start by entering data in the Employee table o An Academic Staff is an Employee therefore the Academic Staff - Employee ID should exist in the Employee table (i.e., if there is an employee ID 00000 at
the Academic Staff table, then there should be a data about Employee Id 00000 at the Employee table.
o The FacilitatorID is the ID of the Employee facilitating the subject. o The following are the list of Units currently being offered:
? BIS2018 – Fundamentals of Business Information System
? PLC2018 - Industry Placement
? PRJ2018 – Information Systems Project Management
? DBM2018 – Database Management System
o Current available class codes are (only one facilitator is allowed to teach a class):
? CBIS20181A-1-18 (this is read as Class BIS2018 group A – Semester 1- 2018)
? CBIS20181B-1-18
? CPLC2018A-1-18
? CPRJ2018A-1-18
? CPRJ2018B-1-18 ? CPRJ2018C-1-18
? CDBM2018A-1-18
? CPLC2018A-1-18 o Semester Code format is SEM no - year . For example: SEM1-2018, SEM22018, SEM1-2019 and so on. There are 3 semesters per year.
o Work Type can be:
? Online facilitation
? Assessment marking
? Consultation
? Tutorial o Status of an Academic Staff can be:
? Full-time
? Part-time
? Sessional
Instructions:
1. You need to design and develop a new database given the information provided above. Create the E-R diagram, translate to relational schema and then normalise. 2. Create the tables, forms, reports and queries using libreBase or Microsoft Access 3. You need to create the following forms for data entry:
a. Employee Form
b. Project Form
c. Supplier Form
4. The following are the queries that should be answered by the database:
a. List of all the projects’ information
b. List of all the projects titles, description, due date and activities per project
c. List of all information about the team members of each project
d. List all the projects that are due on December 2018 5. Priority reports that are needed are the following:
a. List of the materials that were delivered on November 18 and the name of their suppliers
b. List of all the suppliers’ information
SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS:
1) A word document containing:
a) Introduction - a summary of the case study
b) Justification of the use of database
c) Database Design: E-R Diagram
d) IT controls needed
2) LibreOffice Base/Microsoft Access files used in creating the tables, forms, queries and reports
Criteria
• Need for the implementation of the database
• E-R Diagram
• Normalised Database Tables
• Queries
• Forms and Reports
• IT Control
Learning Rubrics
Assessment Attributes Fail
(Unacceptable) Pass (Functional) Credit (Proficient) Distinction (Advanced) High Distinction (Exceptional)
Points
Need for the implementation of the database
15%% Unsatisfactory explanation provided is very general, lacks detail, does not answer the question.
Points 0-6 Satisfactory explanation provided, several justifications discussed, lack detailed explanation.
Points 7-9
Good explanation provided, several justifications discussed. Explanations are detailed but some are not convincing.
Points 10-11 Very good explanation and justification. Explanations are convincing. Main problems are identified and discussed in details. Provided some examples.
Points 12-13 Excellent explanation and justifications provided. Main problems are identified and prioritised. Each problem is discussed in detail. Examples were provided for each problem.
Points 14-15
E-R Diagram
15% E-R Diagram is incorrect.
More than 50% of the entities, attributes and relationships identified are incorrect.
Points 0-6 E-R diagram is complete but some attributes and
relationships are incorrect.
Some entities identified should not be an entity.
Around 50% of attributes are missing (or incorrect) and incorrect relationships are identified.
Points 7-9
E-R diagram is complete.
All entities identified are correct.
Around 25% of the attributes and relationships are missing or incorrect.
Points 10-11
E-R diagram is complete.
Identified entities were correct and complete.
Attributes were correct and complete.
One or two relationships
were missing (or incorrect)
Points 12-13 E-R Diagram is complete.
All entities, attributes and relationships are identified correctly.
Points 14-15
Database Tables
20% Database tables are incorrect and incomplete.
E-R Diagram is not correctly translated to database tables.
Majority of the tables, attributes are missing. Not all entities were translated into tables.
Points 0-9 Database table is complete.
All entities are translated into tables.
Some attributes of the ER Diagram are not in the table and types of attributes are incorrect.
Relationships are not translated to tables (primary keys and foreign key are incorrect).
Some data in the table were entered.
Points -10-12
Database table is complete.
All entities are translated into tables.
Attributes are all present and relationships among tables are established (primary keys and foreign
keys are mostly correct)
All data in the table were entered.
Most of the attributes have correct types.
Points 13-15
Database table is complete.
All entities are correctly and completely translated into tables.
Attributes and types of attributes were correctly identified.
All data in the table were entered.
Most table relationships are correct (primary keys and foreign keys and their relationship have been mostly correctly established).
Points 16-18
Database table is complete.
All entities are correctly and completely translated into tables.
Attributes and types of attributes are correctly identified.
All data in the table are entered.
All table relationships are correct (primary and foreign keys and their relationships
are all correctly identified)
Points 19-20
Queries
20% SQL queries and generated are mostly incorrect.
Complex queries are
not answered
Points 0-9 More than 50% of the SQL queries are correct.
Complex queries are incorrect.
Points -10-12
More than 75% of the SQL queries are correct.
Complex queries are mostly incorrect.
Points 13-15
Almost all queries are correct (one or two
incorrect queries).
Some complex queries were answered.
Points 16-18 All SQL queries are correct.
Can generate complex queries.
Points 19-20
Forms and Reports
15% Unsatisfactory forms. Forms does not enter data.
Reports are mostly incorrect. No report formatting used.
Points 0-6 Satisfactory forms. Some links to the tables are not functioning. Some data cannot be entered in the tables via forms.
Simple design incorporated in the forms. Not professional looking.
More than 50% of the reports are correct. No report formatting used.
Points 7-9
Good forms. Most data can be entered in the tables via forms.
Some design were incorporated in the forms but not professional looking.
More than 75% of the reports are correct. Some report formatting used.
Points 10-11
Very good forms. All elements of the forms are created. All data can be entered via forms.
Design were incorporated in the forms. Somewhat professional looking.
Almost all of the reports are correct (one or two incorrect). Report formatting used.
Points 12-13 Excellent form.
All elements of the forms are created. All data can be entered via forms.
Professional looking forms.
All of the reports are correct Report formatting used extensively.
Points 14-15
Database Analysis
15% Makes assertions about the database issues given that are not justified.
Points 0-6 Some issues are justified by arguments and not merely assertions.
Points 7-9 Issues identified are appropriate. Arguments are presented to justify the issues.
Takes into account the complexities of the issues. Other viewpoints were acknowledged.
Justifies any conclusions reach with arguments and not merely assertions.
Points 10-11 Issues identified are appropriate. Arguments are presented to justify the issues.
Accurately takes into account the complexities of the issues. Other viewpoints were acknowledged.
Justifies any conclusions reach with well-developed arguments and not merely assertions.
Points 12-13 Issues identified are appropriate. Arguments are presented to justify the issues.
Accurately takes into account the complexities of the issues and provided examples. Other viewpoints were acknowledged.
Justifies any conclusions reach with well-developed arguments and wellarticulated viewpoint on the issues and substantiated by research.
Points 14-15
of
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