Here are the instructions for the extra credit assignment: You are given 20 arguments. You need to identify their premises, and conclusions, and find their structure. You need to evaluate them for validity or invalidity. You do not have to investigate the soundness or unsoundness of these arguments. The first 6 arguments are examples of categorical syllogisms. This concept is the focus of chapters 5 and 6. You need to identify the structure of the premises and conclusion, and place them in a standard form using the standard categorical propositions, i.e, A, E, I and O. Then, you must use Venn Diagrams to examine their validity or invalidity. You need to provide your translation schema. Please show your work! The remaining arguments, #7 to #15, are examples of arguments in propositional logic. This is the focus of chapters 7 and 8 and movie lectures 7 and onwards. You must identify the premises and the conclusion. You must find their structure and then use truth tables to evaluate their validity or invalidity. You need to provide your translation schema. Please show your work! 1. Only valid arguments are sound. No argument with false premises is sound. Therefore, no valid argument has false premises. 2. To be a successful office manage you must be a good liar. Bill Rash was a superb liar. So, Bill was certain to be a great office manager. 3. All insects have articulated bodies, and all animals with articulated bodies have six legs. Therefore, all animals with six legs are insects. 4. Only material bodies have extension Having extansion is a property only of things that exist in space. Therefore, only material bodies are in space. 5. Some starvation diets are effective ways to lose weight. However, starving yourself is bad for your heart. Thus, some effective ways to lose weight are bad for your heart. 6. Some politicians are public representatives without ethical values. No public representatives without ethical values are corrupt. Therefore, some corrupt people are politicians. 7. There are only three possibilities: either your sister is mad, or she is telling lies, or she is telling the truth. You know she does not tell lies, and she is obviously not mad, so we must conlcude she is telling the truth. (C. S. Lewis, “ The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe”) 8. If it were possible to live without fleshhoods, there would be some justification for killing and eating animals. Today we can live happy and well without fleshhoods. Thus, there is no justification for killing animals. (Editorial, “Vegeterianism Today”.) 9. The bank is not open and the laundry is not closed. If the bakery is open, the laundry is closed. Either the bakery or the garage is open, but not both. If the bank is closed, the tailor is closed. Therefore, either the tailor is open or the garage is closed. 10. If the maid is guilty, both the butler was in mansion and driver is an accomplice. Only if the gardener is guilty is the maid not guilty. Either the maid is not guilty or, if the gardener is guilty, the driver is not an accomplice. Therefore, either the butler was in the mansion or if the maid is guilty, the driver is an accomplice. 11. For closed-circuit surveillance cameras to be an effective deterrent to crime, everyone must know they are there. However, for them to be effective in spotting criminals, they must be convert. Therefore, they cannot be effective both in deterring crime and in spotting criminals. 12. If Church’s thesis is true, the function h is computable if and only if it is Turing computable. The function h is computable if and only if the halting problem is solvable. But h is not Turing computable. Therefore, if Church’s thesis is correct, the halting problem is unsolvable. 13. If you predicate what is different, you ascribe to the subject what it is not; and if you predicate what is not different, you say nothing at all. So, when we predicate we either say what is false or we say nothing all. (Bradley, “Appearance and Reality.”) 14. If God exists, then he is all loving and all powerful. If God is all loving, he cares about mortals. If God is all powerful, there can be no evil in the world if God cares about mortals. Therefore, if God exists, there is no evil in the world. 15. If animals feel pain or learn from experience, then animals are conscious. Animals do not feel pain. Animals do not learn from experience. Therefore, animals are conscious. 16. If morality is relative to its culture, then there is no independent basis for criticizing the morality of any other culture but one’s own. If there is no independent basis for criticizing the morality of any other culture, we ought to be tolerant of the moralities of other cultures. Morality is not relative to its culture. Therefore, we ought to be tolerant of the moralities of other cultures. 17. Either vegetarians are misguided, or factory farming is cruel and the grain fed to animals could save thousands of starving people. Vegetarians are misguided only if feeding grain to animals is an efficient way to make protein. And if the grain fed to animals could save thousands of starving people, then American consumers are insensitive if they insist on eating meat at the current rate. American consumers insist on eating meat at the current rate.Therefore, either American consumers are insensitive, or feeding grain to animals is an efficient way to make protein. 18. If Smith works hard, then he gets elected. But if he does not work hard, then he is happy. Moreover, if he does not get elected, then he isn’t happy. We may infer that Smith gets elected. 19. If either mathematical laws are due to arbitrary linguistic conventions or mathematical laws are not based on empirical evidence, then math is merely a game played with symbols. If mathematical laws are not based on empirical evidence, then they are not due to arbitrary linguistic conventions. So, math is merely a game played with symbols. 20. There is life after death if and only if there is a God. For either God exists or only matter exists. And if only matter exists, then when we die our bodies simply decay and we cease to exist permanently. Of course, if we cease to exist permanently, then there is no life after death. But God exists if and only if God is both perfectly good and omnipotent. If God is omnipotent, then God is able to raise humans from the dead. If God is perfectly good, then God wants to raise humans from the dead if resurrection is necessary for fulfillment. If God is able and wants to raise humans from the dead, then there is life after death.
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