There are approximately 3,000,000,000 base pairs in the mammalian genome (genes constitute only a small portion of this total). There are approximately 10,000 genes in the mammalian genome.

Pre-Lab Questions
Assumptions:
There are approximately 3,000,000,000 base pairs in the mammalian genome (genes constitute only a small portion of this total).
There are approximately 10,000 genes in the mammalian genome.
A single gene averages 10,000 base pairs in size.
Only 1 out of 3 mutations that occur in a gene result in a change to the protein structure.
In the mammalian genome:

1. How many total base pairs are in all the mammalian genes?

2. What proportion (%) of the total genome does this represent?

3. What is the probability that a random mutation will occur in any given gene?

4. What is the probability that a random mutation will change the structure of a protein?

Experiment 1: Genetic Variation
Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the gene pool of beaker #1?

2. What is the gene pool of beaker #2

3. What is the gene frequency of beaker #1?

4. What is the gene frequency of beaker #2?

5. What can you say about the genetic variation between these populations?

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Experiment 2: Genetic Drift
Procedure
1. From the 250 mL beaker containing green and yellow beads, take 10 beads and place them into the unused 100 mL beaker (this is Beaker #3).

2. Randomly remove half of the beads from Beakers #1, #2, and #3. These are the individuals that survived the fire. Keep them separated so they can be returned to their proper beaker. You will use them again in the next lab.

3. Record your results and place the beads back in their respective beakers.

4. Repeat this process 4 more times (5 total).
Post Lab Questions
1. What observations can you make regarding the gene pool and gene frequency of the surviving individuals?

2. Do the results vary between the populations represented by Beakers #1, #2 and #3? Why or why not?

3. What observations can you make about the genetic variation between the parent and surviving populations?

Experiment 3: Stochastic Events
Procedure
1. Remove 10 individuals from Beaker #1, 5 from Beaker #2 and 2 from Beaker #3. These are the founders of your new population.

2. Record your results and place the beads back in their respective beakers.

3. Repeat this process four more times (for a total of five trials).

Post-Lab Questions
1. What observations can you make regarding the gene pool and gene frequency of the founding individuals?

2. Do these results vary between the populations founded by beakers #1, #2 and #3? Why or why not?

3. What observations can you make about the genetic variation between the parent and founding populations?

4. Suppose you have a population of 300 butterflies. If the population experiences a net growth of 12% in the following year, how many butterflies do you have? (For simplicity, assume all butterflies survive to the next year in this example)

5. Now suppose you have 300 eggs, but only 70% of those eggs progress to become a caterpillar, and only 80% of the caterpillar progress to become an adult butterfly. How many butterflies do you have?

6. Suppose you have a population of 150 butterflies, but a wildfire devastates the population and only 24 butterflies survive. What percent does the colony decrease by?

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